【首席架构师推荐】计算代数系统列表
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下表提供了计算机代数系统(CAS)的比较。CAS是一个包，包含一组算法，用于对代数对象执行符号操作，一种语言来实现它们，以及使用该语言的环境。CAS可以包括用户界面和图形功能;要想有效，可能需要大量的算法库、高效的数据结构和一个快速的内核
General
| System | Creator | Development started | First public release | Latest stable version | Latest stable release date | Cost (USD) | License | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Axiom | Richard Jenks | 1977 | 1993 and 2002[7] | August 2014[8] | Free | modified BSD license | General purpose CAS. Continuous Release using Docker Containers | |
| Cadabra | Kasper Peeters | 2001 | 2007 | 2.2.0 | 29 March 2018 | Free | GNU GPL | CAS for tensor field theory |
| CoCoA | John Abbott, Anna M. Bigatti, Giovanni Lagorio | 1987 | 1995 | 5.2.0 | 2 May 2017 | Free | GNU GPL | Specialized CAS for commutative algebra |
| Derive | Soft Warehouse | 1979 | 1988 | 6.1 | November 2007 | Discontinued | Proprietary | CAS designed for pocket calculators; it was discontinued in 2007 |
| Erable (aka ALGB) | Bernard Parisse, Mika Heiskanen, Claude-Nicolas Fiechter | 1993 | 1993 | 4.20060919 | 21 April 2009 | Free | LGPL | CAS designed for Hewlett-Packard scientific graphing calculators of the HP 48/49/40/50 series; discontinued in 2009 |
| Fermat | Robert H. Lewis | 1986 | 1993 | 6.21 | 13 July 2018 | $70 if grant money available, otherwise $0 | GNU GPL | Specialized CAS for resultant computation and linear algebra with polynomial entries |
| FORM | J.A.M. Vermaseren | 1984 | 1989 | 4.2 | 6 July 2017[9] | Free | GNU GPL | CAS designed mainly for particle physics |
| FriCAS | Waldek Hebisch | 2007 | 2007 | 1.3.5 | 3 February 2019 | Free | modified BSD license | Full-featured general purpose CAS. Especially strong at symbolic integration. |
| GAP | GAP Group | 1986 | 1986 | 4.9.3 | 5 September 2018 | Free | GNU GPL[10] | Specialized CAS for group theory and combinatorics. |
| GiNaC | Christian Bauer, Alexander Frink, Richard B. Kreckel, et al. | 1999 | 1999 | 1.7.5 | 17 February 2019 | Free | GNU GPL | Integrate symbolic computation into C++ programs; no high-level interface, but emphasis on interoperability. |
| KANT/KASH | KANT Group | ? | ? | 3 | 2005/2008 | Free for non-commercial use | own license | Specialized CAS for algebraic number theory |
| Macaulay2 | Daniel Grayson and Michael Stillman | 1992 | 1994 | 1.14 | 2019 | Free | GNU GPL | Specialized CAS for algebraic geometry and commutative algebra |
| Macsyma | MIT Project MAC and Symbolics | 1968 | 1978 | 2.4 | 1999 | $500 | Proprietary | The oldest general purpose CAS. Still alive as Maxima. |
| Magma | University of Sydney | ~1990 | 1993 | 2.22-3 | 20 July 2016 | $1,440 | Proprietary | General purpose CAS, originally specialized in group theory. Works with elements of algebraic structures rather than with non typed mathematical expressions |
| Magnus | The New York Group Theory Cooperative | 1994 | 1997 | 2005 | Free | GNU GPL | Specialized CAS for group theory providing facilities for doing calculations in and about infinite groups. Discontinued in 2005. | |
| Maple | Symbolic Computation Group, University of Waterloo | 1980 | 1984 | 2019.1 (May 28, 2019; 3 months ago) [±][11] | 14 March 2019 | $2,390(Commercial), $2,265 (Government), $995 (Academic), $239 (Personal Edition), $99 (Student), $79 (Student, 12-Month term)[12] | Proprietary | One of the major general purpose CAS |
| Mathcad | Parametric Technology Corporation | 1985 | 1985 | 15.0 M045 | November 2015 | $1,600 (Commercial), $105 (Student), Free (Express Edition)[13] | Proprietary | Numerical software with some CAS capabilities |
| Mathematica | Wolfram Research | 1986 | 1988 | 12.0.0 (April 16, 2019; 5 months ago) [±][14] | 16 April 2019 | $2,495 (Professional), $1095 (Education), $295 (Personal),[15] $140 (Student), $69.95 (Student annual license),[16] free on Raspberry Pi hardware[17] | Proprietary | One of the major general purpose CAS |
| Mathomatic | George Gesslein II | 1986 | 1987 | 16.0.5 | 2012 | Discontinued | LGPL | Elementary algebra, calculus, complex number and polynomial manipulations. |
| Maxima | MIT Project MAC and Bill Schelter et al. | 1967 | 1998 | 5.42.0 | 22 January 2019 | Free | GNU GPL | General purpose CAS. Continuation of Macsyma; new releases occur two times a year. |
| MuMATH | Soft Warehouse | 1970s | 1980 | MuMATH-83 | Discontinued | Proprietary | Predecessor of Derive | |
| MuPAD | SciFace Software | 1989 | 2008 | 5.1 | 2008 | Discontinued | Proprietary | MathWorks has incorporated MuPAD technology into Symbolic Math Toolbox |
| OpenAxiom | Gabriel Dos Reis | 2007 | 2007 | 1.4.2 | 2013 | Free | modified BSD license | General purpose CAS. A fork of Axiom. |
| PARI/GP | Henri Cohen, Karim Belabas, Bill Allombert et al. | 1985 | 1990 | 2.11.0 | 18 July 2018 | Free | GNU GPL | Specialized CAS for number theory. |
| Reduce | Anthony C. Hearn | 1960s | 1968 | 2018 | Free | modified BSD license | Historically important general purpose CAS. Still alive, as open-sourced and freed in December 2008 | |
| Scilab | Scilab Enterprises | 1990 | 1990 | 6.0.2 | 14 February 2019 | Free | CeCILL (GPL-compatible) | Matlab alternative. |
| SageMath | William A. Stein | 2005 | 2005 | 8.8 | 27 June 2019[18] | Free | GNU GPL | Mathematics software system combining a number of existing packages, including numerical computation, statistics and image processing |
| SINGULAR | University of Kaiserslautern | 1984 | 1997 | 4-1-2 | 25 March 2019 | Free | GNU GPL | Computer algebra system for polynomial computations, with special emphasis on commutative and non-commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, and singularity theory. |
| SMath Studio | Andrey Ivashov | 2004 | 2006 | 0.99.6839 | 22 September 2018 | Free | Proprietary | Mathematical notebook program similar to Mathcad. |
| Symbolic Math Toolbox (MATLAB) | MathWorks | 1989 | 2008 | 9.4(2018a) | 2018 | $3,150 (Commercial), $99 (Student Suite), $700 (Academic), $194 (Home) including required Matlab | Proprietary | Provides tools for solving and manipulating symbolic math expressions and performing variable-precision arithmetic. |
| SymPy | Ondřej Čertík | 2006 | 2007 | 1.4 | 10 April 2019 | Free | modified BSD license | Python-based |
| TI-Nspire CAS (Computer Software) | Texas Instruments | 2006 | 2009 | 3.1.0.392 | Proprietary | Successor to Derive. Based on Derive's engine used in TI-89/Voyage 200 and TI-Nspire handheld | ||
| Wolfram Alpha | Wolfram Research | 2009 | 2013 | Pro version: $4.99 / month, Pro version for students: $2.99 / month, ioRegular version: free | Proprietary | Online computer algebra system with step-by step solutions. | ||
| Xcas/Giac | Bernard Parisse | 2000 | 2000 | 1.2.3 | January 2017 | Free | GPL | General CAS, also adapted for the HP Prime. Compatible modes for Maple, MuPAD and TI89 syntax. Symbolic spreadsheets, Giac library for use with other programs. ARM ports for some PDAs with Linux or WinCE[19] |
| Yacas | Ayal Pinkus et al. | 1998[20] | 1999 | 1.7.0 | 26 June 2019 | Free | GNU GPL | |
| Creator | Development started | First public release | Latest stable version | Latest stable release date | Cost (USD) | License | Notes |
These computer algebra systems are sometimes combined with "front end" programs that provide a better user interface, such as the general-purpose GNU TeXmacs.
Functionality
Below is a summary of significantly developed symbolic functionality in each of the systems.
| System | Formula editor | Arbitrary precision | Calculus | Solvers | Graph theory | Number theory | Quantifier elimination | Boolean algebra | Tensors | Probability | Control theory | Coding theory | Group theory | System | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Integration | Integral transforms | Equations | Inequalities | Diophantine equations | Differential equations | Recurrence relations | |||||||||||||
| Axiom | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Axiom |
| Cadabra | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Cadabra |
| FriCAS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | FriCAS |
| Magma | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Magma |
| Magnus | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? | No | ? | No | No | No | No | Yes | Magnus |
| Maple | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Maple |
| Mathcad | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Mathcad |
| Mathematica | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[21] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Mathematica |
| Mathomatic | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Mathomatic |
| Symbolic Math Toolbox (MATLAB) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Symbolic Math Toolbox (MATLAB) |
| Maxima | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Maxima |
| SageMath | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[A] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[B] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | SageMath |
| SMath Studio | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | SMath Studio |
| SymPy | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[22] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | SymPy |
| Wolfram Alpha | Pro version only | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ? | ? | No | Yes | Wolfram Alpha |
| GAP | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | GAP |
| Xcas/Giac | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | ? | No | ? | Xcas/Giac |
| Yacas | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? | No | No | Yacas |
| Reduce | No | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? | ? | Reduce |
Those which do not "edit equations" may have a GUI, plotting, ASCII graphic formulae and math font printing. The ability to generate plaintext files is also a sought-after feature because it allows a work to be understood by people who do not have a computer algebra system installed.
Operating system support
The software can run under their respective operating systems natively without emulation. Some systems must be compiled first using an appropriate compiler for the source language and target platform. For some platforms, only older releases of the software may be available.
| System | DOS | Windows | macOS | Linux | BSD | Solaris | Android | iOS | SaaS | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Axiom | ? | Emulator | Yes | Yes | No | No | ? | ? | No | |
| Cadabra | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | |
| CoCoA | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | Tru64 UNIX, HP-UX, IRIX |
| Derive | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | ? | ? | No | |
| Erable | No | Emulator | Emulator | Emulator | No | No | No | No | No | System RPL on HP 48/49/50/40 series |
| Euler | ? | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | ? | ? | No | |
| Fermat | ? | Cygwin | Yes | Yes | No | No | ? | ? | No | |
| FORM | ? | Cygwin | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | |
| FriCAS | ? | Cygwin+native | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | |
| GAP | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | |
| KANT/KASH | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | ? | ? | No | |
| Macaulay2 | ? | Cygwin | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | |
| Magma | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | |
| Magnus | No | Yes | ? | Yes | ? | Yes | No | No | No | SunOs |
| Maple | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | |
| Mathcad | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
| Mathematica | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Raspberry Pi[17] |
| Mathomatic | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | All POSIX platforms |
| Maxima | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | No | All POSIX platforms with Common Lisp |
| MuMATH | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? | No | |
| OpenAxiom | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | |
| PARI/GP | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | No | |
| Reduce | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | |
| SageMath | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | |
| SINGULAR | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | |
| SMath Studio | No | Yes | Mono | Mono | Mono | Mono | Yes | Yes | Yes | Universal Windows Platform |
| SymbolicC++ | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | |
| Symbolic Math Toolbox (MATLAB) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | |
| SymPy | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[23] | Any system that supports Python |
| TI-Nspire (desktop software) | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | |
| Xcas/Giac | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | HP Prime CAS, KhiCAS for TI Nspire |
| Yacas | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No |
Graphing calculators
Some graphing calculators have CAS features.
| System | Creator | Development started | First public release / OS version | Latest stable version / OS version | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Casio CFX-9970G | CASIO Computer Co. | ? | 1998 | ||
| Casio Algebra FX 2.0 | CASIO Computer Co. | ? | 1999 | ||
| Casio ClassPad 300, Casio ClassPad 300 Plus, Casio ClassPad 330, Casio ClassPad 330 Plus, Casio ClassPad fx-CP400 Casio ClassPad Manager |
CASIO Computer Co. | 2002 | 2003 | 3.10.7000 | ClassPad Manager is an emulator which runs on a PC. |
| HP 49G, HP 49g+, HP 48gII, HP 50g, HP 40G, HP 40gs | Hewlett-Packard | 1993 | 1.??(1999) / 4 | 2.15 (2006-09-19, 2009-04-21) / 4 | Based on Erable, which is also available as an add-on for the HP 48S, HP 48SX, HP 48G, HP 48G+, HP 48GX. Intended for problems which occur in engineering applications. Source code openly available. |
| HP Prime | Hewlett-Packard | 2000 | 2013 | 6975 (2014-12-03) / v1.1.0-46 (2014-03-31) | Based on Xcas/Giac. Source code openly available. |
| TI-89 | Texas Instruments | 1995 | 1996 | 2.09 | |
| TI-89 Titanium | Texas Instruments | 2003 | 2004 | 7/18/2005 v3.10 | |
| TI-92 | Texas Instruments | 1994 | 1995 | ? | |
| TI-92 Plus | Texas Instruments | 1997 | 1998 | 3/27/2003 v2.09 | |
| TI-Nspire CAS, TI-Nspire CX CAS | Texas Instruments | 2006 | 2008 | 2014 v3.6.0.550 | |
| Voyage 200 | Texas Instruments | 2001 | 2002 | 7/18/2005 v3.10 |
See also
- Category:Computer algebra systems
- Comparison of numerical analysis software
- Comparison of statistical packages
- List of information graphics software
- List of numerical analysis software
- List of numerical libraries
- List of statistical packages
- Mathematical software
- Web-based simulation
原文：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_algebra_systems
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